The Effect of Enzyme Concentration and Hydrolysis Time on the Yield of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Rice Straw
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/dhps.v1i1.243Keywords:
Microcrystalline Cellulose, Oryza Sativa Linn, Hydrolysis, Trichoderma Viride, CellulaseAbstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time on the yield of microcrystalline cellulose, and to determine whether the results of microcrystalline cellulose examination met the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia . The pretreatment process was carried out chemically using 96% alcohol, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrolysis process was carried out enzymatically using the cellulase enzyme produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride , with variations in enzyme concentration of 5, 10 and 15% v/v for 0.5, 1 and 1.5 hours respectively. The highest yield of microcrystalline cellulose was produced from the hydrolysis process with a cellulase enzyme concentration of 5% v/v for 1.5 hours. Based on the two-way ANOVA test, it is known that the enzyme concentration and hydrolysis time have no significant effect on the yield of microcrystalline cellulose. Examination of organoleptic, identification, pH, water solubility, drying shrinkage, and starch absence test showed that the resulting microcrystalline cellulose complied with the requirements of the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia.
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Suryadi H, Sutriyo S, HR, Rosikhoh D. Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth Powder by Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Cellulase of Local Isolate. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2017; 9:S19-S23.
Thorens G, Krier F, Leclercq B, Carlin B, Evrard B. Microcrystalline Cellulose, a Direct Compression Binder in a Quality by Design Environment - a Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2014; 473: 64-72.
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Xia ML, Wang L, Xia Z, Chen YHZ. A Novel Digital Color Analysis Method for Rapid Glucose Detection. Analytical Method. 2015; 16.
Yang Ding, Wyman. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass. Biofuels. 2011; 2(4): 421-450.
Young, Hugh D, Roger A, Freedman. University Physics Tenth Edition Volume 2. Jakarta, Indonesia: Erlangga; 2004.
Anonymous. British Pharmacopoeia. Vol. 1. London, England: The Stationery Office; 2002.
Anonymous. United State Pharmacopoeia 30 – National Formulary 25. New York, USA : USP Convention; 2007.
Beiser A. Concepts of Modern Physics. Jakarta, Indonesia: Erlangga; 1986.
Braunstein L, Dostie RL, Germano KH, Lamb SC, Penet CS, Richards PB. Crystalline Cellolose Production. United States Patent US005346589A. 1994.
Cullity BD. Elements of X-Ray Diffraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company; 1978.
Day RA, Underwood AL. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Translator: Pudjaatmaka, AH Fifth edition. Jakarta, Indonesia : Erlangga Publisher; 1999.
Druzhinina IR, Kopchinskiy AG, Druzhinina IS. The First 100 Trichoderma Characterized by Molecular Data. Myoscience. 2006; 47(2): 55-64.
Fengel D, Wegener G. Wood : Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, translated by Dardjono Sastroadmojo. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gajah Mada University Press ; 1995.
Fitriani E. Carboxylmethyl Cellulase Enzyme Activity of Bacillus pumilus Strain 55 at Various Incubation Temperatures. [Thesis]. Padang: Chemistry Study Program, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University; 2003.
Gandjar IG, Rohman A. Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry. Yokyakarta, Indonesia: Student Libraries; 2007
Gascoigne JA, Gascoigne MM. Biological Degradation of Cellulose. London, England; 1960.
Gautam SP, Budela PS, Pandey AK, Jamaluddin, Sarcaiya S. Optimation of The Medium for The Production of Cellulase by The Trichoderma viride using Submerged Fermentation. International Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2010; 1(4): 656-665.
Gunam IB, Buda K, Guna IMYS. Effect of Delignification Treatment with NaOH Solution and Concentration of Rice Straw Substrate on Cellulase Enzyme Production from Aspergillus niger NRRL A-II. Biology Journal. 2010; 14: 55-61
Gupta C, Jain P, Kumar D, Dixit AK, Jain RK. Production of Cellulase Enzyme from Isolated Fungus and it's Application as Efficient Refining Aid for Production of Security Paper. International Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research. 2015; 3: 11-19.
Halim A. Manufacturing and Technological Testing of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Rice Straw. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 1999; 4(1): 18-26.
Halim A, Ben EF, Sulastri E. Production of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Rice Straw ( Oryza sativa Linn) with Hydrolysis Time Variation. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2002; 7(2): 80-87.
Han YJ, Chen HZ. Synergism between Corn Stover Protein and Cellulose. Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 2007; 41:638-645.
Haque C, Rana AA, Masum SM, Ferdous T, Rashid M, Sarker, Karim MM. Synthesis of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Pretreated Cotton Obtained from Bamboo ceiba L, and its Characterization. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 2015; 50(3): 199-204.
Hidayat R, Wulandari S, Wiryawan KG, Suryahadi. Production and Utilization of Cellulase from Trichoderma viride. Journal of Biotropia. 2005; 25: 50- 59.
Jayanudin. Pineapple Leaf Bleaching Using Hydrogen Peroxide. Journal of Process Engineering. 2009; 3(1): 10-14.
Kalyani P, Ashwini P, Mohini W, Sangita C. Labscale Production and Purification of Cellulase Enzyme from Aspergillus niger . Research Journal of Recent Sciences. 2015; 40: 124-124.
Keshk SMAS, Haija MA. A New Method for Producing Microcrystalline Cellulose from Gluconacitobacter xylines and Kenaf. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2011; 84: 1301-1305.
Khopkar, SM. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. Jakarta: UI Publisher, Indonesia; 1990.
Klemm D, Philipp B, Heinze T, Heinze U, Wagenknecht W. Comprehensive Cellulose Chemistry : Fundamentals and Analytical Methods. 1998; 1.
Krassig HA. Cellulose Structure, Accessibility and Reactivity. Gardon and Breach Science. 1996.
Krisyanella, Djamaan A, Aulia W. Optimization of the Production Process of Bioplastic Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) with Bacillus sp FAAC 20801 Bacteria Using Fermented Rice Straw Ingredients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology. 2012; 17(1): 60-72.
Kulkarni SPK, Dixit A, Singh, UB. Evaluation of Bacterial Cellulose Produced Form Acetobacter cylinum as Pharmaceutical Excipient. American Journal of Drug Discovery and Development. 2012; 2(2): 72-86.
Li XH, Yang HJ, Roy B, Park EY, Jiang LJ, Wang D, Miao YG.. Enhanced Cellulase Production of The Trichoderma viride Mutated by Microwave and Ultraviolet. Microbiological Research. 2009; 165: 190-198.
Madison. Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. New York, USA: Thermo Nicolet Corporation; 2001.
Martin A, Swabrick J, Cammarata A. Pharmacy Physics, Edition III. Volume II. Translated by Yoshita. Jakarta, Indonesia : University of Indonesia; 1993.
Meryandini A, Widosari W, Maranatha B, Sunarti TC, Rachmania N, Satria H. Cellulolytic Bacteria Isolation and Enzyme Characterization. Makara Journal of Science. 2009; 13: 33-38.
Ngozi UO, Chizoba NA, Ifeachyichokwu OS. Physicochemical Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose derived from Indian Bamboo ( Bambusa vulgaris ). International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2014; 29(2): 5-9.
Nugraha R. Cellulase Enzyme Production by Penicillum nalgiovense S240 on Palm Oil Bunch Substrate. [Thesis]. Biochemistry Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Bogor Agricultural Institute; 2006.
Nurbailis. Mechanism Characterization of Trichoderma spp. Indigenus Banana Rhizospheric for Control of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Causes Fusarium Wilt Disease in Banana Plants. [Dissertation]. Andalas Padang University Postgraduate Program; 2008.
Nuringtyas TR. Carbohydrate. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UGM Press; 2010.
Oktavianus F, Sigiro RM, Bustan MD. Making Bioethanol from Jatropha Stem Using Hydrolysis Method with Sulfuric Acid Catalyst. Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2013; 19(2): 27-32.
Oyeniyi YJ, Itiola OA.. The Physicochemical Characteristic of Microcrystalline Cellulose, Derived from Sawdust, Agricultural Waste Product. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 4(1): 197-200.
Palmer T. Understanding Enzymes 4 yr . ed. London, England: Princeton Hall; 1995.
Pandey S, Srivastava M, Shahid M, Kumar V, Singh A, Trivedi S, Srivastava YK. Trichoderma Species Cellulases Produced by Solid State Fermentation. Journal of Data Mining Genomics Preteomics. 2015; 6(2): 1-4.
Perez J, Munoz J, Dorado T, Rubia DI, Martinez J. Biodegradation and Biological Treatments of Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin: An Overview. International Microbiology. 2002; 5: 53-63.
Reimer L. Scanning Electron Microscopy : Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis 2nd ed., Vol. 45. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 1998.
Rowe RC, Sheskey P, Quinn M E. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients 6th . ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2009.
Saini JK, Patel AK, Adsul M, Singhania RR. Cellulase Adsorption on Lignin: A Roadblock for Economic Hydrolysis of Biomass. Renewable Energy. 2016; 98:29-42.
Samsuri M, Gozan M, Mardias R, Baiquni M, Hermansyah H, Wijanarko A, Prasetya B, Nasikin M. Utilization of bagasse cellulose for ethanol production through saccharification and simultaneous fermentation with xylanase enzymes. Makara Journal of Technology. 2007; 11(1).
Soenaryo E, Damardjati DS, Syam M. Padi book 3. Bogor, Indonesia: Agency for Research and Development. Center for Research and Development of Food Crops; 1991.
AJ Stamp. Wood and Cellulose Sciences. New York, USA : The Ronald Press Company; 1964.
Suryadi H, Sutriyo S, HR, Rosikhoh D. Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth Powder by Enzymatic Hydrolysis Using Cellulase of Local Isolate. Journal of Young Pharmacists. 2017; 9:S19-S23.
Thorens G, Krier F, Leclercq B, Carlin B, Evrard B. Microcrystalline Cellulose, a Direct Compression Binder in a Quality by Design Environment - a Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2014; 473: 64-72.
Tjitrosoepomo G. Taxonomy of Plants (Spermatophyta). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press; 1989.
Troy DB, Remington JP, Beringer P. Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Philadelphia, USA : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
Wang D, Ai P, Yu L, Tan Z, Zhang Y. Comparing the Hydrolysis and Biogas Production Performance of Alkali and Acid Treatments of Rice Straw Using Two-Stage Anaerobic Fermentation. Biosystems Engineering. 2015; 132: 47-55.
Xia ML, Wang L, Xia Z, Chen YHZ. A Novel Digital Color Analysis Method for Rapid Glucose Detection. Analytical Method. 2015; 16.
Yang Ding, Wyman. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulosic Biomass. Biofuels. 2011; 2(4): 421-450.
Young, Hugh D, Roger A, Freedman. University Physics Tenth Edition Volume 2. Jakarta, Indonesia: Erlangga; 2004.
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Published
2023-08-12
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Silvia, S. ., & Maharani, A. . (2023). The Effect of Enzyme Concentration and Hydrolysis Time on the Yield of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Rice Straw. Dinasti Health and Pharmacy Science, 1(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.38035/dhps.v1i1.243
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