Eksplorasi Pengalaman Psikologis Dan Spiritualitas Ibu Hamil Dalam Meningkatkan Childbirth Self-Efficacy: Studi Kualitatif Dengan Pendekatan Fenomenologi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38035/jkis.v4i3.3811Keywords:
childbirth self-efficacy, Muslim pregnant women, tawakal, Islamic spirituality, fear of childbirthAbstract
Kehamilan dan persalinan merupakan fase transisi kehidupan yang melibatkan dinamika psikologis, biologis, dan spiritual yang kompleks. Childbirth self-efficacy, yaitu keyakinan ibu terhadap kemampuannya menghadapi persalinan, berperan penting dalam menurunkan fear of childbirth (FOC) dan meningkatkan kualitas pengalaman persalinan. Namun, kajian yang mengintegrasikan dimensi spiritual Islam dengan childbirth self-efficacy pada ibu hamil muslimah di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi pengalaman psikologis dan spiritual ibu hamil muslimah dalam membangun childbirth self-efficacy menjelang persalinan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan fenomenologi deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam semi-terstruktur, observasi non-partisipatif, dan dokumentasi terhadap empat partisipan, terdiri atas dua ibu hamil trimester ketiga dan dua ibu pascapersalinan yang melakukan Antenatal Care (ANC) di UPTD Puskesmas Sindangbarang Kota Bogor. Analisis data dilakukan melalui tahapan fenomenologi deskriptif meliputi bracketing, identifikasi pernyataan bermakna, pengelompokan tema, dan penyusunan deskripsi esensial. Empat sumber self-efficacy Bandura digunakan sebagai lensa konseptual pemandu (sensitizing concept), sementara analisis tetap berpusat pada makna hidup yang dituturkan partisipan, sejalan dengan rancangan fenomenologi deskriptif. Penelitian ini menemukan lima tema utama, yaitu: (1) distres psikologis dan respons emosional yang beragam selama kehamilan; (2) hadirnya empat sumber childbirth self-efficacy menurut Bandura dengan kontribusi berbeda pada setiap partisipan; (3) sinergi antara tawakal dan perencanaan adaptif sebagai mekanisme utama pembentukan self-efficacy; (4) spiritualitas Islam melalui tawakal, pemaknaan religius persalinan, serta praktik ibadah, sebagai makna yang dikonstruksi sendiri oleh partisipan, yang berfungsi sebagai katalis yang mengubah distres menjadi ketenangan; dan (5) penerapan strategi coping adaptif yang didominasi spiritual coping. Berdasarkan kelima tema tersebut, penelitian ini mengajukan proposisi konseptual awal yang memperluas konstruk childbirth self-efficacy Bandura dengan memasukkan dimensi spiritual Islam; sebagai proposisi kualitatif awal, temuan ini belum dapat digeneralisasi secara statistik dan memerlukan pengujian lebih lanjut, misalnya melalui rancangan Exploratory Sequential Mixed Methods, serta memberikan implikasi bagi pengembangan konseling perinatal berbasis spiritualitas Islam di layanan kesehatan primer.
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